Trends in hospitalisation for urinary tract infection in adults aged 18-65 by sex in Spain: 2000 to 2015.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse trends in urinary tract infection (UTIs) hospitalisation among patients adults 18-65 aged in Spain from 2000-2015. METHODS: Retrospective observational study using the Spanish Hospitalisation Minimum Data Set (CMBD), with codifications by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9). Variables: Type of UTIs (pyelonephritis, prostatitis, cystitis and non-specific-UTIs), sex, age (in 5 categories: 18-49 and 50-64 years in men, and 18-44, 45-55 and 56-64 years in women), comorbidity, length of stay, costs and mortality associated with admission. The incidence of hospitalisation was studied according to sex, age group and type of UTIs per 100,000. Trends were identified using Joinpoint regression. RESULTS: From 2000-2015, we found 259,804 hospitalisations for UTIs (51.6% pyelonephritis, 7.5% prostatitis, 0.6% cystitis and 40.3% non-specific UTIs). Pyelonephritis predominated in women and non-specific UTIs in men. The hospital stay and the average cost (2,160 EUR (IQR 1,7872,540 were greater in men. Overall mortality (0.4%) was greater in non-specific UTIs. More women were admitted (rates of 79.4 to 81.7) than in men (30.2 to 41). The greatest increase was found in men aged 50-64 years (from 59.3 to 87). In the Joinpoint analysis, the incidence of pyelonephritis increased in women [AAPC 2.5(CI 95% 1.6;3.4)], and non-specific UTIs decreased [AAPC -2.2(CI 95% -3.3;-1.2)]. Pyelonephritis decreased in men [AAPC -0.5 (CI 95% -1.5;0.5)] and non-specific UTIs increased [AAPC 2.3 (CI 95% 1.9;2.6)] and prostatitis increased [AAPC 2.6 (CI 95% 1.4;3.7)]. CONCLUSIONS: The urinary infection-related hospitalisation rate in adults in Spain increased during the period 2000-2015. Pyelonephritis predominated in women and non-specific UTIs in men. The highest hospitalisation rates occurred in the women but the greatest increase was found in men aged 65-74. The lenght of stay and cost were higher in men.

Cystitis glandularis with concomitant Crohn's disease leading to a paroxysm of Crohn's disease with ulcerated external iliac vessels.

•we report the case of a 36-year-old female patient who presented to our hospital with a diagnosis of cystitis glandularis manifesting as a vesicovaginal fistula. She underwent cystoscopic biopsy at a local hospital, but anti-inflammatory treatment was ineffective, and the patient was experiencing low urination frequency and urgency, as well as pain. The patient underwent laparoscopic repair of a cystoscopy-confirmed vesicovaginal fistula. After surgery, the patient experienced a paroxysm of Crohn's disease with multiple small bowel fistulas and erosion of the external iliac vessels that ruptured to form an external iliac vessel small bowel fistula. The fistula was confirmed by surgical exploration, and the patient eventually died.

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli infection: innate immune disorder, bladder damage, and Tailin Fang II.

Background: Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) activates innate immune response upon invading the urinary tract, whereas UPEC can also enter bladder epithelial cells (BECs) through interactions with fusiform vesicles on cell surfaces and subsequently escape from the vesicles into the cytoplasm to establish intracellular bacterial communities, finally evading the host immune system and leading to recurrent urinary tract infection (RUTI). Tailin Fang II (TLF-II) is a Chinese herbal formulation composed of botanicals that has been clinically proven to be effective in treating urinary tract infection (UTI). However, the underlying therapeutic mechanisms remain poorly understood. Methods: Network pharmacology analysis of TLF-II was conducted. Female Balb/C mice were transurethrally inoculated with UPEC CFT073 strain to establish the UTI mouse model. Levofloxacin was used as a positive control. Mice were randomly divided into four groups: negative control, UTI, TLF-II, and levofloxacin. Histopathological changes in bladder tissues were assessed by evaluating the bladder organ index and performing hematoxylin-eosin staining. The bacterial load in the bladder tissue and urine sample of mice was quantified. Activation of the TLR4-NF-κB pathway was investigated through immunohistochemistry and western blotting. The urinary levels of interleukin (IL)-1ß and IL-6 and urine leukocyte counts were monitored. We also determined the protein expressions of markers associated with fusiform vesicles, Rab27b and Galectin-3, and levels of the phosphate transporter protein SLC20A1. Subsequently, the co-localization of Rab27b and SLC20A1 with CFT073 was examined using confocal fluorescence microscopy. Results: Data of network pharmacology analysis suggested that TLF-II could against UTI through multiple targets and pathways associated with innate immunity and inflammation. Additionally, TLF-II significantly attenuated UPEC-induced bladder injury and reduced the bladder bacterial load. Meanwhile, TLF-II inhibited the expression of TLR4 and NF-κB on BECs and decreased the urine levels of IL-1ß and IL-6 and urine leukocyte counts. TLF-II reduced SLC20A1 and Galectin-3 expressions and increased Rab27b expression. The co-localization of SLC20A1 and Rab27b with CFT073 was significantly reduced in the TLF-II group. Conclusion: Collectively, innate immunity and bacterial escape from fusiform vesicles play important roles in UPEC-induced bladder infections. Our findings suggest that TLF-II combats UPEC-induced bladder infections by effectively mitigating bladder inflammation and preventing bacterial escape from fusiform vesicles into the cytoplasm. The findings suggest that TLF-II is a promising option for treating UTI and reducing its recurrence.

High prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in escherichia coli strains producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases isolated from faeces and urine of pregnant women with acute cystitis.

BACKGROUND: Escherichia coli is the most common etiological agent of urinary tract infections (UTIs). Meanwhile, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) is reported in E. coli isolates producing extended-spectrum ß-lactamases (ESBLs). Furthermore, the reservoirs and mechanisms of acquisition of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strains are poorly understood. On the other hand, UTIs are common in pregnant women and the treatment challenge is alarming. METHODS AND RESULTS: In the present study, 54 pregnant women with acute cystitis were included. A total of 108 E. coli isolates, 54 isolates from UTI and 54 isolates from faeces of pregnant women (same host) were collected. In the antimicrobial susceptibility test, the highest rate of antibiotic resistance was to nalidixic acid (77%, 83/108) and the lowest rate was to imipenem (9%, 10/108). Among the isolates, 44% (48/108) were ESBLs producers. A high frequency of PMQR genes was observed in the isolates. The frequency of PMQR genes qnrS, qnrB, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and qnrA was 58% (63/108), 21% (23/108), 9% (10/108), and 4% (4/108), respectively. Meanwhile, PMQR genes were not detected in 24% (20/85) of isolates resistant to nalidixic acid and/or fluoroquinolone, indicating that other mechanisms, i.e. chromosomal mutations, are involved in resistance to quinolones, which were not detected in the present study. In ESBL-producing isolates, the frequency of PMQR genes was higher than that of non-ESBL-producing isolates (81% vs. 53%). Meanwhile, UTI and faeces isolates mainly belonged to phylogenetic group B2 (36/54, 67% and 25/54, 46%, respectively) compared to other phylogenetic groups. In addition, virulence factors and multidrug-resistant (MDR) were mainly associated with phylogenetic group B2. However, predominant clones in faeces were not found in UTIs. Rep-PCR revealed the presence of 85 clones in patients. Among the clones, 40 clones were detected only in faeces (faeces-only), 35 clones only in UTI (UTI-only) and 10 clones in both faeces and UTI (faeces-UTI). We found that out of 10 faeces-UTI clones, 5 clones were present in the host's faeces flora. CONCLUSION: This study revealed a high rate of resistance to the quinolone nalidixic acid and a widespread distribution of PMQR genes in MDR E. coli strains producing ESBLs. The strains represented virulence factors and phylogenetic group B2 are closely associated with abundance in UTI and faeces. However, the predominant clones in faeces were not found in UTIs and it is possible that rep-PCR is not sufficiently discriminating clones.

[Immunological parameters of urine in differential diagnosis of chronic recurrent cystitis in women].

INTRODUCTION: Chronic recurrent cystitis (CRC) is a complex multifaceted problem of modern uroinfectology. OBJECTIVE: To study the immunological parameters of urine in patients with chronic recurrent cystitis depending on the etiological factor. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The prospective study included 71 patients aged 20-45 years who had previously been diagnosed with recurrent lower urinary tract infection: chronic recurrent cystitis (CRC) during an exacerbation period. Based on the results of bacteriological and PCR studies of urine, scraping of the urethra and vagina, depending on the dominant etiological factor, the patients were divided into three groups: group 1 (n=30) - with papillomavirus CRC (PVI-CRC), group 2 (n=30) - with bacterial CRC (B - CRC), group 3 (n=11) - with candida CRC (C - CRC). Analysis of the assessment of immunological parameters of urine was carried out using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA-BEST). RESULTS: Based on the results of an immunological study of urine in the study groups, characteristic specific changes in the level of interleukins and interferons were identified, which made it possible to determine a protocol for the differential diagnosis of CRC. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows the advisability of testing interleukins in urine (IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8); these indicators can serve as scoring criteria in the differential diagnosis of CRC of various origins. CONCLUSIONS: , it is reasonable to study the level of IFN-2b and IFN; when identifying the functional inferiority of the IFN system in women with CRC, correction of the IFN system is necessary.

Identification of Molecular Mechanisms in Radiation Cystitis: Insights from RNA Sequencing.

Pelvic cancer survivors who were treated with radiation therapy are at risk for developing (hemorrhagic) radiation cystitis (RC) many years after completion of radiation therapy. Patients with RC suffer from lower urinary tract symptoms, including frequency, nocturia, pelvic pain, and incontinence. In advanced stages, hematuria can occur, potentially escalating to life-threatening levels. Current therapeutic options for RC are limited, partly due to ethical concerns regarding bladder biopsy in patients with fragile bladder tissue. This study aimed to leverage our established preclinical model to elucidate the molecular pathways implicated in radiation-induced tissue changes in the bladder. Female C57Bl/6 mice received a single dose of 40 Gy using CT-guided imaging and a two-beam irradiation approach using the SARRP irradiator. Bladders from irradiated and age-matched littermate controls were harvested at 1 week [n = 5/group] or 6 months [n = 5/group] after irradiation, RNA was harvested, and mRNA sequencing was performed at paired-end 150bp on the Illumina NovaSeq6000 with a target of 30 million reads per sample. Following RNA sequencing, thorough bioinformatics analysis was performed using iPathwayGuide v2012 (ADVAITA Bioinformatics). Findings of the RNA sequencing were validated using qPCR analysis. At 1 week post-irradiation, altered gene expression was detected in genes involved in DNA damage response, apoptosis, and transcriptional regulation. By 6 months post-irradiation, significant changes in gene expression were observed in inflammation, collagen catabolism, and vascular health. Affected pathways included the p53, JAK-STAT, and PI3K-Akt pathways. These findings were validated in vivo in bladder tissues from our preclinical model. This is the first study to determine the molecular changes in the bladder in response to radiation treatment. We have successfully pinpointed several pathways and specific genes that undergo modification, thereby contributing to the progression of radiation cystitis. These insights enhance our understanding of the pathophysiology of radiation cystitis and may ultimately pave the way to the identification of potential new therapeutic targets.

Impact of BK polyomavirus viremia on the outcomes of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Although it is known that BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) causes hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), the clinical significance of BKPyV viremia has not been fully evaluated. We retrospectively analyzed the results of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) evaluations for detecting BKPyV in the whole blood samples of patients undergoing allogeneic HSCT during the period from January 2010 to June 2020 at a single institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University. BKPyV was detected in the blood of 28 of the 107 evaluated patients, and the cumulative incidence of was 27.9% (95%CI: 20.2-37.9%). HC due to BKPyV developed in four of the 28 patients with BKPyV viremia (14.3%) and in two of the 79 patients without it (2.5%; P < 0.05). BKPyV viremia itself did not affect the patients' post-transplant estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), but BKPyV viremia with a high viral load was significantly associated with decreased eGFR values (P < 0.05). BKPyV viremia was also associated with significantly lower progression-free survival at 3 years (35.1% [95%CI: 17.8-53.1%] vs. 60.4% [95%CI: 48.4-70.5], P < 0.05). Our findings demonstrated that BKPyV viremia was associated with onset of HC, an early decline of renal function, and poorer survival after allogeneic HSCT. Further studies are needed to test these results and elucidate the mechanisms of renal dysfunction associated with BKPyV viremia.

The effect of myeloablative radiation on urinary bladder mast cells.

Radiation-induced cystitis is an inflammatory condition affecting the urinary bladder, which can develop as a side effect of abdominopelvic radiotherapy, specifically external-beam radiation therapy or myeloablative radiotherapy. A possible involvement of mast cells in the pathophysiology of radiation-induced cystitis has been indicated in cases of external-beam radiation therapy; however, there is no evidence that these findings apply to the myeloablative aetiology. As such, this study investigated potential changes to urinary bladder mast cell prevalence when exposed to myeloablative radiation. Lethally irradiated C57BL/6J mice that received donor rescue bone marrow cells exhibited an increased mast cell frequency amongst host leukocytes 1 week following irradiation. By 4 weeks, no significant difference in either frequency or cell density was observed. However mast cell diameter was smaller, and a significant increase in mast cell number in the adventitia was observed. This study highlights that mast cells constitute a significant portion of the remaining host leukocyte population following radiation exposure, with changes to mast cell distribution and decreased cell diameter four weeks following radiation-induced injury.

Multidrug resistance among uropathogenic clonal group A E. Coli isolates from Pakistani women with uncomplicated urinary tract infections.

OBJECTIVE: Multi-drug resistance (MDR) has notably increased in community acquired uropathogens causing urinary tract infections (UTIs), predominantly Escherichia coli. Uropathogenic E. coli causes 80% of uncomplicated community acquired UTIs, particularly in pre-menopausal women. Considering this high prevalence and the potential to spread antimicrobial resistant genes, the current study was conducted to investigate the presence of clinically important strains of E. coli in Pakistani women having uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis. Women belonging to low-income groups were exclusively included in the study. Seventy-four isolates from urine samples were processed, phylotyped, and screened for the presence of two Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) particularly associated with a clinically important clonal group A of E. coli (CgA) followed by antibiotic susceptibility testing and genome sequence analysis. RESULTS: Phylogroup B2 was most prevalent in patients and 44% of isolates were positive for the presence of CgA specific SNPs in Fumarate hydratase and DNA gyrase subunit B genes. Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed widespread resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production. The infection analysis revealed the phylogroup B2 to be more pathogenic as compared to the other groups. The genome sequence of E. coli strain U17 revealed genes encoding virulence, multidrug resistance, and host colonization mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS: Our research findings not only validate the significant occurrence of multidrug-resistant clonal group A E. coli (CgA) in premenopausal Pakistani women suffering from cystitis and pyelonephritis but also reveal the presence of genes associated withvirulence, and drug efflux pumps. The detection of highly pathogenic, antimicrobial-resistant phylogroup B2 and CgA E. coli strains is likely to help in understanding the epidemiology of the pathogen and may ultimately help to reduce the impact of these strains on human health. Furthermore, the findings of this study will particularly help to reduce the prevalence of uncomplicated UTIs and the cost associated with their treatment in women belonging to low-income groups.

Eosinophilic Cystitis Mimicking Malignancy on FDG PET/CT.

ABSTRACT: A 64-year-old man had progressive dysuria and nocturia for 1 month. Initial MRI and CT revealed localized thickening of the bladder wall with significant enhancement. Meanwhile, the lesion showed intense FDG accumulation on the delayed PET/CT. Taken together, a malignancy was suspected. However, the pathologic findings confirmed the diagnosis of eosinophilic cystitis.

Misdiagnosis of eosinophilic cystitis: A case report and literature review.

RATIONALE: Eosinophilic cystitis (EC) is a rare and specific transmural inflammatory disease in clinic. At present, its etiology is unknown, its clinical manifestations are diverse, and its auxiliary examination lacks specificity, so it is easy to be missed or misdiagnosed in clinical practice. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 72-year-old male patient with symptoms of lower urinary tract obstruction accompanied by hematuria was diagnosed with benign prostatic hyperplasia with bleeding by B-ultrasound and urinary CT examination. After being treated with catheterization, anti-infection and hemostasis, he was selectively treated with transurethral resection of prostate, but he saw a pattern mass on the right back wall of the bladder during the operation. Considering bladder tumor, he removed the lesion and gave pirarubicin for bladder perfusion. However, the postoperative pathological result was EC. DIAGNOSIS: The diagnosis of EC can only rely on pathological examination, and the accurate and positive rate of biopsy can be improved by obtaining muscle tissue as much as possible at the same time of multi-point biopsy. INTERVENTION: Prednisone and cetirizine were given orally after transurethral resection of lesions, and tamsulosin and finasteride were given regularly to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia. OUTCOMES: No recurrence and abnormal urination were found during the follow-up for half a year, and the upper urinary tract function was normal. LESSONS: The clinical manifestations of EC are atypical, the laboratory examination and imaging examination are not specific, and it is difficult to make a definite diagnosis before operation. The diagnosis depends on pathological examination. Transurethral resection of the lesion can obviously improve the positive rate of biopsy while completely removing the lesion, and the combined drug treatment can achieve satisfactory results in a short period of time. Active follow-up after operation is very important to identify the recurrence of the disease and prevent the upper urinary tract function from being damaged.

Fabrication of levofloxacin-loaded porcine acellular dermal matrix hydrogel and functional assessment in urinary tract infection.

Bacterial cystitis, a commonly occurring urinary tract infection (UTI), is renowned for its extensive prevalence and tendency to recur. Despite the extensive utilization of levofloxacin as a conventional therapeutic approach for bacterial cystitis, its effectiveness is impeded by adverse toxic effects, drug resistance concerns, and its influence on the gut microbiota. This study introduces Lev@PADM, a hydrogel with antibacterial properties that demonstrates efficacy in the treatment of bacterial cystitis. Lev@PADM is produced by combining levofloxacin with decellularized porcine acellular dermal matrix hydrogel and exhibits remarkable biocompatibility. Lev@PADM demonstrates excellent stability as a hydrogel at body temperature, enabling direct administration to the site of infection through intravesical injection. This localized delivery route circumvents the systemic circulation of levofloxacin, resulting in a swift and substantial elevation of the antimicrobial agent's concentration specifically at the site of infection. The in vivo experimental findings provide evidence that Lev@PADM effectively prolongs the duration of levofloxacin's action, impedes the retention and invasion of E.coli in the urinary tract, diminishes the infiltration of innate immune cells into infected tissues, and simultaneously preserves the composition of the intestinal microbiota. These results indicate that, in comparison to the exclusive administration of levofloxacin, Lev@PADM offers notable benefits in terms of preserving the integrity of the bladder epithelial barrier and suppressing the recurrence of urinary tract infections.

MiR-9-enriched mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes prevent cystitis-induced bladder pain via suppressing TLR4/NLRP3 pathway in interstitial cystitis mice.

BACKGROUND: Inflammatory response of central nervous system is an important component mechanism in the bladder pain of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS). Exosomes transfer with microRNAs (miRNA) from mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) might inhibit inflammatory injury of the central nervous system. Herein, the purpose of our study was to explore the therapeutic effects by which extracellular vesicles （EVs） derived from miR-9-edreched MSCs in IC/BPS and further investigate the potential mechanism to attenuate neuroinflammation. METHODS: On the basis of IC/BPS model, we used various techniques including bioinformatics, cell and molecular biology, and experimental zoology, to elucidate the role and molecular mechanism of TLR4 in regulating the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in bladder pain of IC/BPS, and investigate the mechanism and feasibility of MSC-EVs enriched with miR-9 in the treatment of bladder pain of IC/BPS. RESULTS: The inflammatory responses in systemic and central derived by TLR4 activation were closely related to the cystitis-induced pelvic/bladder nociception in IC/BPS model. Intrathecal injection of miR-9-enreched MSCs derived exosomes were effective in the treatment of cystitis-induced pelvic/bladder nociception by inhibiting TLR4/NF-κb/NLRP3 signal pathway in central nervous system of IC/BPS mice. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that miR-9-enreched MSCs derived exosomes alleviate neuroinflammaiton and cystitis-induced bladder pain by inhibiting TLR4/NF-κb/NLRP3 signal pathway in interstitial cystitis mice, which is a promising strategy against cystitis-induced bladder pain.

[Risk Factors of Late-Onset Hemorrhagic Cystitis after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation].

To analyze the risk factors for late-onset hemorrhagic cystitis (LOHC) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), the risk factors for the progression of LOHC to severe LOHC, and the effect of LOHC on survival. METHODS: The clinical data of 300 patients who underwent allo-HSCT at the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from January 2015 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. The relevant clinical parameters that may affect the occurance of LOHC after allo-HSCT were selected for univariate and multivariate analysis. Then, the differences in overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) between different groups were analyzed. RESULTS: The results of multivariate analysis showed that the independent risk factors for LOHC after allo-HSCT were as follows: age≤45 years old (P =0.039), intensified conditioning regimen with fludarabine/cladribine and cytarabine (P =0.002), albumin≤30 g/L on d30 after transplantation (P =0.007), CMV-DNA positive (P =0.028), fungal infection before transplantation (P =0.026), and the occurrence of grade Ⅱ - Ⅳ aGVHD (P =0.006). In the transplant patients who have already developed LOHC, the occurance of LOHC within 32 days after transplantation (P =0.008) and albumin≤30 g/L on d30 after transplantation (P =0.032) were independent risk factors for the progression to severe LOHC. The OS rate of patients with severe LOHC was significantly lower than that of patients without LOHC (P =0.041). CONCLUSION: For the patients aged≤45 years old and with intensified conditioning regimen, it is necessary to be vigilant about the occurrence of LOHC; For the patients with earlier occurrence of LOHC, it is necessary to be vigilant that it develops into severe LOHC. Early prevention and treatment of LOHC are essential. Regular monitoring of CMV-DNA and albumin levels, highly effective antiviral and antifungal therapies, and prevention of aGVHD are effective measures to prevent the occurrence and development of LOHC.

Radiation cystitis in acute admissions for haematuria.

AIMS: To assess the outcomes of patients with haematuria from radiation cystitis admitted to Christchurch Hospital's Urology Service and identify treatment differences and hospitalisation trends. METHODS: From November 2021 to January 2023, a retrospective analysis of 144 acute haematuria admissions was conducted. Data covered demographics, diagnosis, surgeries, complications and hospital stay length. Predictive factors for admissions and surgical interventions were explored. RESULTS: Of the 144 admissions, 22 (15.3%) were diagnosed with radiation cystitis. The management strategies for radiation cystitis and non-radiation cystitis patients showed no significant differences in transfusion requirements, anti-bleeding medication usage (finasteride and/or tranexamic acid), or the need for acute or elective surgery. The average length of stay for admission was similar between the groups (radiation cystitis: 3.7 days, non-radiation cystitis: 3.5 days, p<0.05), but the readmission rate was significantly higher for radiation cystitis patients (59.1% vs 25.4%, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The management and hospital stay duration were similar for both cohorts; radiation cystitis patients faced increased readmissions, underscoring the necessity for rigorous monitoring and subsequent care. Upcoming research should target refining early interventions and management methods.

Brainstem nuclei responsive to cystometry in both endometriosis and cystitis rat models: C-fos immunohistochemistry study.

PURPOSE: Although the co-occurrence of interstitial cystitis (IC) and endometriosis (ENDO) is remarkably high, the exact pathophysiology for this co-occurrence is unknown. The convergence of the inputs from the involved structures to the same neuronal centers may suggest neuronal hyperexcitability as a mechanism for this co-occurrence. METHODS: The present study aimed to investigate the association between IC and ENDO, by studying the changes in brainstem responses to cystometry in a rat model of ENDO and cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced IC using c-fos immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Following cystometry the brainstem areas that had significant increase in c-fos expression in ENDO alone included: periaqueductal gray (PAG) nuclei, dorsal raphe nucleus, raphe obscurus nucleus, kolliker- Fuse areas, and area postrema. However, the brainstem areas that had increased significantly in the c-fos expression in the ENDO and CYP treated animals included: gigantocellular nucleus, lateral paragigantocellular nucleus, caudoventrolateral nucleus, rostroventrolateral/caudoventrolateral nucleus, lateral reticular nucleus, locus coeruleus, lateral PAG, raphe pallidus nucleus, raphe magnus nucleus, rostroventrolateral nucleus, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, and solitary tract nucleus. Whereas only lateral parabrachial nucleus showed significant increase in c-fos expression in CYP treated animals alone. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study demonstrate the overlap of brainstem nuclei that are excited by urinary bladder under ENDO and IC conditions. The pattern of hyperexcitability of the brainstem nuclei may help in understating the pathophysiology of IC and ENDO conditions.

The effects of a galectin-3 inhibitor on bladder pain syndrome in mice with cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis.

AIMS: To explore the effect of blocking galectin-3 in the bladder pain syndrome associated with interstitial cystitis. METHODS: A galectin-3 inhibitor was used to treat mice with cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis. The expression of galectin-3 in bladder tissues and urine was examined by immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Suprapubic-pelvic pain, bladder voiding, bladder pain-like nociceptive behavior, and referred hyperalgesia were assessed. The weights of the bladders were also measured, and inflammatory cell infiltration and inflammatory cytokine levels were examined by histopathological evaluation. The inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß), nerve growth factor (NGF), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) were measured by ELISA. RESULTS: Increases in galectin-3 levels, inflammation, bladder weight, and bladder pain-related symptoms were observed in bladders with cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis. Administration of the galectin-3 inhibitor significantly mitigated bladder pain-related symptoms and inflammatory response. In response to the 500 µM dose of the galectin-3 inhibitor, nociceptive behaviors, nociceptive score, and bladder-to-body weight ratios were reduced by 65.1%, 65.3%, and 40.3%, respectively, while 500 µM Gal-3 inhibitor increased pelvic pain threshold by 86.7%. Moreover, galectin-3 inhibitor treatment inhibited the inflammation. Compared to untreated CYP-induced mice, there were significant changes in the levels of IL-1ß (41.72 ± 2.05 vs. 18.91 ± 2.26 pg/mg tissues), NGF (9.64 ± 0.38 vs. 1.88 ± 0.05 pg/mg tissues), IL-6 (42.67 + 1.51 vs. 21.26 + 2.78 pg/mg tissues, and TNF-α (22.02 ± 1.08 vs. 10.70 ± 0.80 pg/mg tissues) in response to the highest dose of the Gal-3 inhibitor subgroup (500 µM), and 500 µM Gal-3 inhibitor reduced mast cell infiltration ratios by 71.8%. CONCLUSIONS: The galectin-3 inhibitor relieved pelvic pain, urinary symptoms, and bladder inflammation in mice with cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis. Thus, galectin-3 inhibitors may be novel agents in interstitial cystitis treatment.

Third nationwide surveillance of bacterial pathogens in patients with acute uncomplicated cystitis conducted by the Japanese surveillance committee during 2020 and 2021: Antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus.

The Japanese surveillance committee conducted a third nationwide surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibility of acute uncomplicated cystitis at 55 facilities throughout Japan between April 2020 and September 2021. In this surveillance, we investigated the susceptibility of Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), and Staphylococcus saprophyticus (S. saprophyticus) for various antimicrobial agents by isolating and culturing bacteria from urine samples. In total, 823 strains were isolated from 848 patients and 569 strains of target bacteria, including E. coli (n = 529, 92.9 %), K. pneumoniae (n = 28, 4.9 %), and S. saprophyticus (n = 12, 2.2 %) were isolated. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of 18 antibacterial agents were determined according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute manual. In premenopausal patients, there were 31 (10.5 %) and 20 (6.8 %) fluoroquinolone (FQ)-resistant E. coli and extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli, respectively. On the other hand, in postmenopausal patients, there were 75 (32.1 %) and 36 (15.4 %) FQ-resistant E. coli and ESBL-producing E. coli, respectively. The rate of FQ-resistant E. coli and ESBL-producing E. coli in post-menopausal women was higher than that for our previous nationwide surveillance (20.7 % and 32.1 %: p = 0.0004, 10.0 % and 15.4 %; p = 0.0259). For pre-menopausal women, there was no significant difference in the rate of FQ-resistant E. coli and ESBL-producing E. coli between this and previous reports, but the frequency of FQ-resistant E. coli and ESBL-producing E. coli exhibited a gradual increase. For appropriate antimicrobial agent selection and usage, it is essential for clinicians to be aware of the high rate of these antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in acute uncomplicated cystitis in Japan.

Analysis of early clinical signs and risk factors for severe hemorrhagic cystitis after stem cell transplantation in children.

INTRODUCTION: To analyze the characteristics of early clinical symptoms of hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and the risk factors of severe HC. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 77 children with post-HSCT HC treated at our hospital between June 2013 and June 2021. Clinical characteristics were collected and catalogued. RESULTS: Among the children with urinary tract irritation symptoms (UTIS) as the first symptom, symptoms appeared earlier than hematuria symptoms (28 day vs. 31 day, p = 0.027), and the time progressing to severe HC was significantly longer in these children (12 day vs. 7 day, p = 0.038), but there was no significant difference in the number of participants (57.8% vs. 59.4%, p = 0.889). BK polyomavirus (BKV) infection was an independent risk factor (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.782, p = 0.035) for severe HC, which was also positively associated with multi-viral infection (HR = 2.215, p = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS: In HC children, when the first urinary tract symptom was UTIS, it appeared earlier than hematuria, and the time of progression to severe HC was significantly longer, suggesting that we still need more aggressive treatment for these children to prevent the worsening of symptoms. The severity of HC was positively correlated with BKV infection and multiple infections.